“I am tired,” he said.“Yorgunum,” dedi. (direct)
He said (that) he was tired.Yorgun olduğunu söyledi. (reported)
Türkçede dolaylı anlatım -diğini söyledi / -mış olduğunu söyledi gibi eylemsilerle yapılır ve zaman kayması yoktur. İngilizcede ise zaman geriye kayar: bu en dikkatli olunacak konudur.
Zaman kayması (backshift)
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| present simple | past simple |
| present continuous | past continuous |
| present perfect | past perfect |
| past simple | past perfect |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to |
“I work here,” she said. → She said she worked there.Orada çalıştığını söyledi.
“I have finished,” he said. → He said he had finished.Bitirdiğini söyledi.
“I will call,” she said. → She said she would call.Arayacağını söyledi.
Zamir ve zarf değişimi
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| my | his / her |
| we | they |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| last week | the week before |
| next week | the following week |
| here | there |
| this | that |
Soru aktarma
Düz cümle sırası kullanılır (soru sırası yok), do / does / did düşer.
| Tür | Direct | Reported |
|---|---|---|
| Wh-soru | “Where do you live?” | He asked where I lived. |
| Yes/No | “Are you ready?” | She asked if / whether I was ready. |
“What is your name?” → He asked what my name was.Adımın ne olduğunu sordu.
“Do you like tea?” → She asked if I liked tea.Çay sevip sevmediğimi sordu.
Emir ve rica aktarma
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| “Close the door.” | He told me to close the door. |
| “Don't touch it.” | She told me not to touch it. |
| “Please help me.” | He asked me to help him. |
Reporting verbs
| Fiil | Kullanım | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| say | genel | He said (that) he was tired. |
| tell | + kişi | He told me (that) he was tired. |
| ask | soru | She asked where I lived. |
| suggest | + V-ing | He suggested going. |
| promise | + to V | She promised to call. |
| warn | + kişi + to V | I warned him not to go. |
| advise | + kişi + to V | He advised me to rest. |
Sık yapılan hatalar
| Hata | Açıklama | Doğrusu |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ He said me that… | say + kişi olmaz | ✓ He told me that… |
| ✗ He asked where did I live. | Soru sırası | ✓ He asked where I lived. |
| ✗ She said she is tired. | Zaman kayması | ✓ She said she was tired. |
| ✗ He told to close. | Kişi eksik | ✓ He told me to close. |
| ✗ She asked if I am ready. | Zaman kayması | ✓ She asked if I was ready. |